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Factors that affect accountant's perceptions of alternative work arrangements: Accounting Forum, Vol. 29, No. 2. (June 2005), pp. 191-206.Advanc es in technology have impacted accounting careers with resulting changes in where, when and how accountants perform their job duties. In addition, employee attitudes towards, and need for, better work/life balance has led to more firms offering alternate work arrangements (AWA). Research suggests that AWA programs can lead to many benefits for both employers and employees. Despite the prevalence of these programs there are relatively few accountants working under these arrangements and concerns about work/life balance continue. This study examines factors that shape perceptions of the cost and benefits associated with the adoption and/or support of AWAs across work culture, gender and participation experience. Our results suggest that work environment had a significant effect on perceptions of AWAs. Public accountants perceived greater costs related to career advancement but correspondingl y less concern about administrative issues than management accountants. We also found that accountants who have participated (or are currently participating in an AWA), perceived greater benefits and less concern for potential negative consequences to their careers than non-participan ts. Finally, women perceived greater benefits to result from participation in an AWA and men perceived correspondingl y more costs. Regardless, both genders perceived that AWAs were not strictly a women's issue. These findings contribute to our understanding of alternate work arrangements and point to factors that must be addressed to increase the acceptance and success of these programs.Kimbe rly Charron, Jordan Lowe

Source: Accounting Forum, Vol. 29, No. 2. (June 2005), pp. 191-206.
Exploring the performance benefits of end-to-end path switching: Network Protocols, 2004. ICNP 2004. Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Conference on (2004), pp. 304-315.This work explores the feasibility of improving the performance of end-to-end data transfers between different sites through path switching. Our study is focused on both the logic that controls path switching decisions and the configurations required to achieve sufficient path diversity. Specifically, we investigate two common approaches offering path diversity multi-homing and overlay networks - and investigate their characteristic s in the context of a representative wide-area testbed. We explore the end-to-end delay and loss characteristic s of different paths and find that substantial improvements can potentially be achieved by path switching, especially in lowering end-to-end losses. Based on this assessment, we develop a simple path-switching mechanism capable of realizing those performance improvements. Our experimental study demonstrates that substantial performance improvements are indeed achievable using this approach.Shu Tao, Kuai Xu, Ying Xu, Teng Fei, Lixin Gao, R Guerin, J Kurose, D Towsley, Zhi-Li Zhang

Source: Network Protocols, 2004. ICNP 2004. Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Conference on (2004), pp. 304-315.
A novel methodology for constructing secure multipath overlays: Internet Computing, IEEE, Vol. 9, No. 6. (2005), pp. 50-57.One technique for securely delivering data in structured overlays is to increase the number of disjoint paths among peers. However, most overlays do not offer a substrate to accommodate multiple paths. The binary-equival ence relationship-b ased Cyclone methodology is decoupled from the overlay architecture, which insulates it from such limitations. It fortifies existing routing algorithms to defend against data-forwardin g attacks.MS Artigas, PG Lopez, AFG Skarmeta

Source: Internet Computing, IEEE, Vol. 9, No. 6. (2005), pp. 50-57.
Predicting and bypassing end-to-end Internet service degradations: Selected Areas in Communications , IEEE Journal on, Vol. 21, No. 6. (2003), pp. 961-978.We study the patterns and predictability of Internet end-to-end service degradations, where a degradation is a significant deviation of the round-trip time (RTT) between a client and a server. We use simultaneous RTT measurements collected from several locations to a large representative set of Web sites and study the duration and extent of degradations. We combine these measurements with border gateway protocol cluster information to learn on the location of the cause. We evaluate a number of predictors based upon hidden Markov models and Markov models. Predictors typically exhibit a tradeoff between two types of errors, false positives (incorrect degradation prediction) and false negatives (a degradation is not predicted). The costs of these error types is application dependent, but we capture the entire spectrum using a precision versus recall tradeoff. Using this methodology, we learn what information is most valuable for prediction (recency versus quantity of past measurements). Surprisingly, we also conclude that predictors that utilize history in a very simple way perform as well as more sophisticated ones. One important application of prediction is gateway selection, which is applicable when a local-area network is connected through multiple gateways to one or several Internet service provider. Gateway selection can boost reliability and survivability by selecting for each connection the (hopefully) best gateway. We show that gateway selection using our predictors can reduce the degradations to half of that obtained by routing all the connections through the best gateway.A Bremler-Barr, E Cohen, H Kaplan, Y Mansour

Source: Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on, Vol. 21, No. 6. (2003), pp. 961-978.
A structured peer-to-peer method to discover QoS enhanced alternate paths: Information Technology and Applications, 2005. ICITA 2005. Third International Conference on, Vol. 2 (2005), pp. 671-676 vol.2.In the next generation Internet, the network should not only be considered as a communication medium, but also as an endless source of services available to the end-systems. These services (i.e. overlay applications) would be composed of multiple cooperative distributed software elements that dynamically build an ad hoc communication mesh (i.e. an overlay association). In a previous contribution, we proposed a collaborative distributed method to provide enhanced QoS between end-points within an overlay association. This method aims at discovering and utilizing composite alternate end-to-end paths that experience better QoS than the default path given by the IP routing mechanisms. In this paper we present our investigations on a modification to this method. This modification aims at improving its scalability by structuring participating nodes into a coordinate space and by using an alternative scheme to construct the lists of candidate relay nodes for the alternate path discovery method.T Rakotoarivelo, P Senac, A Seneviratne, M Diaz

Source: Information Technology and Applications, 2005. ICITA 2005. Third International Conference on, Vol. 2 (2005), pp. 671-676 vol.2.
Enhancing aggregate QoS through alternate routing: Global Telecommunicat ions Conference, 2000. GLOBECOM '00. IEEE, Vol. 1 (2000), pp. 611-615 vol.1.Previous work on differentiated services in the Internet has defined new notions of QoS that apply to aggregates of traffic in networks with coarse spatial granularity. Most proposals for differentiated services involve traffic control algorithms for aggregate service levels, packet marking and policing, and preferential treatment of unmarked packets in the network core. The issue of routing for enhancing aggregate QoS has not received a lot of attention. This study investigates the potential benefit of using alternate routing strategies in support of differentiated services. We propose a traffic control scheme, called simple alternate routing, wherein portions of unmarked packet flows can be assigned to alternate paths through a service provider network (SPN) in response to congestion feedback information. The scheme is simple, requiring only minor changes to the SPN border routers so that alternately routed packets can be tunneled via conventional paths to an intermediate border node and then tunneled from there to the original egress border node. We present distributed algorithms for (1) discovering congestion within the SPN, and (2) allocating traffic to alternate paths that are uncongested. We have implemented the scheme in a packet-level simulation, and we have examined the transient response of the algorithm to perturbations in the nominal traffic levels experienced by the SPN. The experimental study of this paper provides some understanding of the scheme's ability to adapt in routing packets around congestion. Our results indicate that the alternate routing framework shows promise and warrants further considerationS D Patek, R Venkateswaran, J Liebeherr

Source: Global Telecommunications Conference, 2000. GLOBECOM '00. IEEE, Vol. 1 (2000), pp. 611-615 vol.1.
Source selectable path diversity via routing deflections: (2006), pp. 159-170.Xiaowe i Yang, David Wetherall

Source: (2006), pp. 159-170.
How to Select a Good Alternate Path in Large Peer-to-Peer Systems?: INFOCOM 2006. 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications . Proceedings (2006), pp. 1-13.T Fei, S Tao, L Gao, R Guerin

Source: INFOCOM 2006. 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications. Proceedings (2006), pp. 1-13.
Inherently safe backup routing with BGP: INFOCOM 2001. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proceedings. IEEE, Vol. 1 (2001), pp. 547-556 vol.1.The Internet consists of a large number of autonomous systems (ASes) that exchange routing information using the border gateway protocol (BGP). Each AS applies local policies for selecting routes and propagating routes to others, with important implications for the reliability and stability of the global system. In and of itself, BGP does not ensure that every pair of hosts can communicate. In addition, routing policies are not guaranteed be safe, and may cause protocol divergence. Backup routing is often used to increase the reliability of the network under link and router failures, at the possible expense of safety. This paper presents a general model for backup routing that increases network reliability while allowing each AS to apply local routing policies that are consistent with the commercial relationships it has with its neighbors. In addition, our model is inherently safe in the sense that the global system remains safe under any combination of link and router failures. Our model and the proof of inherent safety are cast in terms of the stable paths problem, a static formalism that captures the semantics of interdomain routing policies. Then, we describe how to realize our model in BGP with locally-implem entable routing policies. To simplify the specification of local policies, we propose a new BGP attribute that conveys the avoidance level of a route. We also describe how to realize these policies without modification to BGP by using the BGP community attributeLixin Gao, TG Griffin, J Rexford

Source: INFOCOM 2001. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proceedings. IEEE, Vol. 1 (2001), pp. 547-556 vol.1.
Analysis of variance is easily misapplied in the analysis of randomized trials: a critique and discussion of alternative statistical approaches.: Psychosom Med, Vol. 67, No. 4. (g 2005), pp. 652-655.Analys is of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method that is widely used in the psychosomatic literature to analyze the results of randomized trials, yet ANOVA does not provide an estimate for the difference between groups, the key variable of interest in a randomized trial. Although the use of ANOVA is frequently justified on the grounds that a trial incorporates more than two groups, the hypothesis tested by ANOVA for these trials--"Are all groups equivalent?"-- is often scientifically uninteresting. Regression methods are not only applicable to trials with many groups, but can be designed to address specific questions arising from the study design. ANOVA is also frequently used for trials with repeated measures, but the consequent reporting of "group effects," "time effects," and "time-by-group interactions" is a distraction from statistics of clinical and scientific value. Given that ANOVA is easily misapplied in the analysis of randomized trials, alternative approaches such as regression methods should be considered in preference.AJ Vickers

Source: Psychosom Med, Vol. 67, No. 4. (g 2005), pp. 652-655.

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