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Designing the annual reports of burton plc from 1930 to 1994: Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 21, No. 1. (January 1996), pp. 89-111.This paper undertakes a historical review of the use of design and designers in the annual reports of Burton PLC, against a backdrop of the firm's commercial history. It highlights a subordinate role for design from 1930 until the 1970s, when it was used increasingly to embellish the annual report. Design assumed a very significant role from 1984, when the firm's annual report was transformed into a corporate communications tool. The paper suggests that Burton was among the first British companies to reach this stage, and that it was some ten years behind the generality of U.S. corporations in this regard. Using Burton as an example, the study concludes by proposing that the turning of the annual report into a public relations document has latent disadvantages and by advocating that design briefs in this area should be differently focused.Sam Mckinstry

Source: Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 21, No. 1. (January 1996), pp. 89-111.
Variable Timing of Reproduction in Unpredictable Environments: Adaption of Flood Plain Plants: Theoretical Population Biology, Vol. 60, No. 1. (August 2001), pp. 1-15.We study the evolutionarily stable reproductive timing of annual plants that face unpredictable environmental disturbances. Plants living in a riverbed often experience a disturbance before they reproduce, suffering major fitness loss. Plants reproducing prior to the flood season are free from the risk of lost reproduction, but a small flowering plant can produce only a few numbers of seeds. If the date of disturbance is unpredictable, a mixed strategy of reproductive timing may evolve in which individuals of the same genotype have different reproductive dates. We calculate the evolutionarily stable phenotype distribution analytically. Depending on parameters, the ESS distribution is either (1) a timid strategy--the plant reproduces when small, prior to the major disturbance season; (2) a bold strategy--the plant reproduces only when it is fully grown; (3) a mixture of early and late reproduction; or (4) dates of reproduction spread over a wide interval. We also examine the effects of developmental and environmental noises that make realized flowering dates deviate from that programmed by the genotype, which follows the ESS distribution. In the presence of noise, the ESS distribution of programmed timing of reproduction is discrete.A Satake, A Sasaki, Y Iwasa

Source: Theoretical Population Biology, Vol. 60, No. 1. (August 2001), pp. 1-15.
The Annual Cycle of the Energy Budget. Part I: Global Mean and Land?Ocean Exchanges: Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, No. 10. (1 May 2008), pp. 2297-2312.The mean and annual cycle of energy flowing into the climate system and its storage, release, and transport in the atmosphere, ocean, and land surface are estimated with recent observations. An emphasis is placed on establishing internally consistent quantitative estimates with discussion and assessment of uncertainty. At the top of the atmosphere (TOA), adjusted radiances from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) and Clouds and the Earth?s Radiant Energy System (CERES) are used, while in the atmosphere the National Centers for Environmental Prediction?Nat ional Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP?NCAR) reanalysis and 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) estimates are used. The net upward surface flux (FS) over ocean is derived as the residual of the TOA and atmospheric energy budgets, and is compared with direct calculations of ocean heat content (OE) and its tendency (?OE/?t) from several ocean temperature datasets. Over land, FS from a stand-alone simulation of the Community Land Model forced by observed fields is used. A depiction of the full energy budget based on ERBE fluxes from 1985 to 1989 and CERES fluxes from 2000 to 2004 is constructed that matches estimates of the global, global ocean, and global land imbalances. In addition, the annual cycle of the energy budget during both periods is examined and compared with ocean heat content changes.The near balance between the net TOA radiation (RT) and FS over ocean and thus with OE, and between RT and atmospheric total energy divergence over land, are documented both in the mean and for the annual cycle. However, there is an annual mean transport of energy by the atmosphere from ocean to land regions of 2.2 ± 0.1 PW (1 PW = 1015 W) primarily in the northern winter when the transport exceeds 5 PW. The global albedo is dominated by a semiannual cycle over the oceans, but combines with the large annual cycle in solar insolation to produce a peak in absorbed solar and net radiation in February, somewhat after the perihelion, and with the net radiation 4.3 PW higher than the annual mean, as it is enhanced by the annual cycle of outgoing longwave radiation that is dominated by land regions. In situ estimates of the annual variation of OE are found to be unrealisticall y large. Challenges in diagnosing the interannual variability in the energy budget and its relationship to climate change are identified in the context of the episodic and inconsistent nature of the observations.J ohn Fasullo, Kevin Trenberth

Source: Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, No. 10. (1 May 2008), pp. 2297-2312.
The Annual Cycle of the Energy Budget. Part II: Meridional Structures and Poleward Transports: Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, No. 10. (1 May 2008), pp. 2313-2325.Meri dional structure and transports of energy in the atmosphere, ocean, and land are evaluated holistically for the mean and annual cycle zonal averages over the ocean, land, and global domains, with discussion and assessment of uncertainty. At the top of the atmosphere (TOA), adjusted radiances from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) and Clouds and Earth?s Radiant Energy System (CERES) are used along with estimates of energy storage and transport from two global reanalysis datasets for the atmosphere. Three ocean temperature datasets are used to assess changes in the ocean heat content (OE) and their relationship to the net upward surface energy flux over ocean (FoS), which is derived from the residual of the TOA and atmospheric energy budgets. The surface flux over land is from a stand-alone simulation of the Community Land Model forced by observed fields.In the extratropics, absorbed solar radiation (ASR) achieves a maximum in summer with peak values near the solstices. Outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) maxima also occur in summer but lag ASR by 1?2 months, consistent with temperature maxima over land. In the tropics, however, OLR relates to high cloud variations and peaks late in the dry monsoon season, while the OLR minima in summer coincide with deep convection in the monsoon trough at the height of the rainy season. Most of the difference between the TOA radiation and atmospheric energy storage tendency is made up by a large heat flux into the ocean in summer and out of the ocean in winter. In the Northern Hemisphere, the transport of energy from ocean to land regions is substantial in winter, and modest in summer. In the Southern Hemisphere extratropics, land ? ocean differences play only a small role and the main energy transport by the atmosphere and ocean is poleward. There is reasonably good agreement between FoS and observed changes in OE, except for south of 40°S, where differences among several ocean datasets point to that region as the main source of errors in achieving an overall energy balance. The winter hemisphere atmospheric circulation is the dominant contributor to poleward energy transports outside of the tropics [6?7 PW (1 petawatt = 1015 W)], with summer transports being relatively weak (?3 PW)?slightly more in the Southern Hemisphere and slightly less in the Northern Hemisphere. Ocean transports outside of the tropics are found to be small (

Source: Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, No. 10. (1 May 2008), pp. 2313-2325.
Ontogenetic shifts in interactions among annual plants: Journal of Ecology, Vol. 94, No. 2. (2006), pp. 336-341.Summar y 1 Interactions among plants strongly influence the structure and dynamics of plant populations and communities. However, most empirical studies of plant-plant interactions failed to make repeated measures of responses to neighbouring individuals and thereby neglected possible changes in interactions throughout the life history of the plants. 2 We tested the hypothesis that competition between annual species intensifies from early to late life-history stages, by sequentially measuring interactions in neighbour-remo val experiments at three study sites located along a rainfall gradient in Israel. 3 Two annual species, Biscutella didyma and Hymenocarpos circinnatus, grew with and without neighbours in their natural habitats. Five response variables representing consecutive life-history stages (seedling survival, juvenile biomass, adult survival, number of seeds and final biomass) were recorded throughout the whole growing season. 4 The direction and intensity of interactions varied considerably between environments and life stages. On average, growth-related response variables indicated higher competition intensity at the productive end of the climatic gradient, while survival indicated either facilitation at the dry end or no trend along the gradient. 5 Temporal changes occurred, with moderate facilitation soon after germination shifting to strong competition at the end of the growing season. 6 Our results demonstrate that the outcome of experimental studies on plant-plant interactions may depend not only on the environmental productivity but more so on the life stage at which the target plant is studied. Journal of Ecology (2006)doi: 10.1111/j.1365 -2745.2006.010 97.xKatja Schiffers, Katja Tielborger

Source: Journal of Ecology, Vol. 94, No. 2. (2006), pp. 336-341.

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